Comparing E331 - Sodium citrates vs E355 - Adipic acid
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Popular questions
What is e331 in food?
E331 is sodium citrates—the mono-, di-, and trisodium salts of citric acid—used mainly as acidity regulators/buffers, sequestrants, and emulsifying salts in foods like soft drinks and processed cheese.
How are sodium citrates used in molecular gastronomy?
They’re used to adjust and buffer pH, chelate calcium, and act as an emulsifying salt—commonly to make ultra-smooth, meltable cheese sauces and to tune acidity/calcium levels for techniques like spherification and stabilizing foams.
What are sodium citrates degradation byproducts?
Under normal food use they’re stable; with strong heating/combustion they decompose to carbon oxides (CO2/CO) and sodium oxides (and related inorganic residues).
Why does sodium citrates burn?
It isn’t flammable; any “burning” sensation typically comes from irritation of skin, eyes, or mouth at high concentrations due to its mildly alkaline, saline nature, and on heating it decomposes rather than sustaining a flame.
What is adipic acid used for?
In foods (E355) it’s an acidulant that provides a clean, persistent tartness and pH control in powdered drink mixes, gelatin desserts, chewing gum, and as a slow-acting leavening acid in baking powders.
How is adipic acid made?
Industrial production mainly oxidizes a cyclohexanone/cyclohexanol (KA oil) mixture with nitric acid, which generates nitrous oxide; newer routes use catalytic oxygen processes or bio-based fermentations.
Is adipic acid polar or nonpolar?
Polar, due to its two carboxylic acid groups (though its six‑carbon chain makes it less polar than shorter dicarboxylic acids).
Is adipic acid soluble in water?
Sparingly soluble in cold water (about 1.5 g/100 mL at ~25°C), with solubility increasing substantially at higher temperatures.
(3) could you substitute adipoyl chloride with adipic acid in this reaction? explain why or why not?
Not directly—acid chlorides are far more reactive acylating agents, so adipoyl chloride reacts with amines at mild conditions, whereas adipic acid generally requires activation (e.g., conversion to the acid chloride/anhydride or use of coupling/dehydrating agents) or high‑temperature condensation.