Comparing E330 - Citric acid vs E440II - Amidated pectin
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Popular questions
Is citric acid bad for you?
At typical food levels, citric acid (E330) is considered safe by major regulators (GRAS; EFSA/JECFA). Concentrated or frequent acidic exposure can irritate the mouth/stomach or contribute to tooth enamel erosion.
Where does the citric acid cycle occur?
In eukaryotic cells it occurs in the mitochondrial matrix; in bacteria it occurs in the cytosol.
What does citric acid do to your body?
It is a normal intermediate in energy metabolism and is readily metabolized to carbon dioxide and water. Citrate can bind minerals, which may enhance absorption of some and help prevent certain kidney stones by increasing urinary citrate.
Where does citric acid come from?
It occurs naturally in citrus fruits, but most food-grade citric acid is produced by fermenting sugars (e.g., from corn, beet, or cane) with Aspergillus niger.
How is citric acid made?
Industrially, sugars are fermented with Aspergillus niger to produce citric acid, then it is recovered and purified—often by precipitating calcium citrate and converting it back with sulfuric acid or via ion-exchange/crystallization.
How to tell if your pectin is amidated?
Check the ingredient label or spec sheet for “amidated pectin,” “LM amidated pectin,” or “E440(ii)”—it may also list a “degree of amidation (DA).” Kitchen behavior isn’t a reliable identifier since both amidated and non‑amidated low‑methoxyl pectins gel with calcium.
What is non-amidated pectin?
Pectin that hasn’t been reacted with ammonia to form amide groups; it’s typically labeled simply as pectin or E440(i). It may be high‑methoxyl (gels with high sugar and acid) or low‑methoxyl non‑amidated (gels with calcium but usually needs more calcium and is less heat‑reversible than amidated types).